{"id":1185,"date":"2019-07-24T14:19:03","date_gmt":"2019-07-24T22:19:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/?p=1185"},"modified":"2019-07-24T14:19:41","modified_gmt":"2019-07-24T22:19:41","slug":"causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/","title":{"rendered":"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I&#8217;ll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning. Excuse my sloppiness &#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Causality Research is a topic that has emerged from the shortcomings of supervised machine learning (SML) approaches. You train an algorithm with training data and it learns certain properties of that data to make decisions. For some problems that works really well and we don&#8217;t even care about what exactly the algorithm has learned. But in certain cases, we really would like to know what the system just learned. Your self-driving car, for example. Wouldn&#8217;t it be nice if we actually knew how the car makes decisions? Not just for our own peace of mind, but also to enable verifyability and testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are some thoughts about what is happening in the area of causality for AI:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>This topic is drawing attention because people are having their blinders on when defining what AI is. AI is more than supervised machine learning, and a number of the algorithms in the field, like belief networks, are beautifully explainable.<\/li><li>We need to get away from using specific algorithms as the focal point of our approaches. We need to look at the problem itself and determine what the right solution to the problem is. Some of the very old methods like belief networks (I sound like a broken record) are fabulous and have deep explainability. In the grand scheme of things, only few problems require supervised machine learning.&nbsp;<\/li><li>We are finding ourselves in a world where some people believe that data can explain everything. It cannot. History is not a predictor of the future. Even in experimental physics, we are getting to our limits and have to start understanding the fundamentals to get to explainability.  We need to build systems that help experts encode their knowledge and augments human cognition by automating tasks that machines are good at.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/9kxp83\/researchers-easily-trick-cylances-ai-based-antivirus-into-thinking-malware-is-goodware\">Cylance<\/a> faux pas is a great example why supervised machine learning and AI can be really really <a href=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2018\/08\/07\/ai-ml-in-cybersecurity-why-algorithms-are-dangerous\/\">dangerous<\/a>. And it brings up a different topic that we need to start exploring more, which is how we measure the efficacy or <strong>precision<\/strong> of AI algorithms. How do we assess the things a given AI or machine learning approach misses and what are the things it classifies wrong? How does one compute these metrics for AI algorithms? How do we determine whether one algorithm is better than another. For example, the algorithm that drives your car. How do you know how good it is? Does a software update make it better? How much? That\u2019s a huge problem in AI and \u2018causality research\u2019 might be able to help develop methods to quantify efficacy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I&#8217;ll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","category-security-intelligence"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I&#039;ll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Raffael Marty\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.0.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy \u2013 Insights at the intersection of cybersecurity, strategy, and innovation.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I&#039;ll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"512\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"512\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-07-24T22:19:03+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-07-24T22:19:41+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@raffaelmarty\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I&#039;ll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@raffaelmarty\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#blogposting\",\"name\":\"Causality Research in AI \\u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \\u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy & Innovation with Raffy\",\"headline\":\"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/raffy\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/#person\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#articleImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Raffael Marty\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-24T14:19:03-06:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-07-24T14:19:41-06:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"Artificial Intelligence, Security Intelligence\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/category\\\/security-intelligence\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Security Intelligence\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/category\\\/security-intelligence\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Security Intelligence\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/category\\\/security-intelligence\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/category\\\/security-intelligence\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Security Intelligence\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/#person\",\"name\":\"Raffael Marty\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#personImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Raffael Marty\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/raffy\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/raffy\\\/\",\"name\":\"Raffael Marty\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Raffael Marty\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/\",\"name\":\"Causality Research in AI \\u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \\u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy & Innovation with Raffy\",\"description\":\"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I'll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/24\\\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/raffy\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/raffy\\\/#author\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-24T14:19:03-06:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-07-24T14:19:41-06:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Cyber Security - Strategy and Innovation\",\"description\":\"Insights at the intersection of cybersecurity, strategy, and innovation.\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/raffy.ch\\\/blog\\\/#person\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy & Innovation with Raffy","description":"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I'll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#blogposting","name":"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy & Innovation with Raffy","headline":"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/author\/raffy\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/#person"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#articleImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Raffael Marty"},"datePublished":"2019-07-24T14:19:03-06:00","dateModified":"2019-07-24T14:19:41-06:00","inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"Artificial Intelligence, Security Intelligence"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/#listItem","name":"Security Intelligence"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Security Intelligence","item":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#listItem","name":"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/#listItem","name":"Security Intelligence"}}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/#person","name":"Raffael Marty","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#personImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Raffael Marty"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/author\/raffy\/#author","url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/author\/raffy\/","name":"Raffael Marty","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1a1923877d9dbd00d99847074d62faab586cce0a9ee6a4c85e8bb7c46d7418ac?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Raffael Marty"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/","name":"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy & Innovation with Raffy","description":"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I'll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/author\/raffy\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/author\/raffy\/#author"},"datePublished":"2019-07-24T14:19:03-06:00","dateModified":"2019-07-24T14:19:41-06:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/","name":"Cyber Security - Strategy and Innovation","description":"Insights at the intersection of cybersecurity, strategy, and innovation.","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/#person"}}]},"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy \u2013 Insights at the intersection of cybersecurity, strategy, and innovation.","og:type":"article","og:title":"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy","og:description":"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I'll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.","og:url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/","og:image":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png","og:image:width":512,"og:image:height":512,"article:published_time":"2019-07-24T22:19:03+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-07-24T22:19:41+00:00","twitter:card":"summary","twitter:site":"@raffaelmarty","twitter:title":"Causality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions? \u2013 Future of Tech and Security: Strategy &amp; Innovation with Raffy","twitter:description":"Before even diving into the topic of Causality Research, I need to clarify my use of the term #AI. I am getting sloppy in my definitions and am using AI like everyone else is using it, as a synonym for analytics. In the following, I'll even use it as a synonym for supervised machine learning.","twitter:creator":"@raffaelmarty","twitter:image":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ogimage.png"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"1185","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2021-06-08 17:17:26","updated":"2025-06-12 20:19:17","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/\" title=\"Security Intelligence\">Security Intelligence<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tCausality Research in AI \u2013 How Does My Car Make Decisions?\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog"},{"label":"Security Intelligence","link":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/category\/security-intelligence\/"},{"label":"Causality Research in AI &#8211; How Does My Car Make Decisions?","link":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/2019\/07\/24\/causality-research-in-ai-how-does-my-car-make-decisions\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1185"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1185\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1188,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1185\/revisions\/1188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/raffy.ch\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}